Impact of grassland contract policy on soil organic carbon losses from alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Carbon storage in the soils on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau plays a very important role in the global carbon budget. In the 1990s, a policy of contracting collective grasslands to smaller units was implemented, resulting in a change from the traditional collective grassland management to two new management patterns: a multi‐household management pattern (MMP: grassland shared by several households without enclosures) and a single‐household management pattern (SMP: grassland enclosed and used by only one household). In 2016, 50 MMP and 54 SMP winter pastures on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau were sampled to assess the differences in soil organic carbon (SOC) between the two management patterns. Results showed that average SOC was significantly greater under MMP than under SMP, with an estimated 0.41 Mg C/ha/yr lost due to SMP following the new grassland contract. Based on the government's grassland policy, four grassland utilization scenarios were developed for both summer and winter pastures. We found that if the grassland were managed under SMP, likely C losses ranged between 0.31 × 10⁷ and 6.15 × 10⁷ Mg C/yr across the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau relative to MMP, which more closely resembles pre‐1990s grassland management. Previous estimates of C losses have only considered land use change (with cover change) and ignored the impacts driven by land management pattern changes (without cover change). The new data suggest that C losses from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau are greater than previously estimated, and therefore that the grassland contract policy should be reviewed and SMP households should be encouraged to reunite into the MMP. These findings have potential implications for land management strategies not only on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau but also other grazing regions globally where such practices may exist.     

不同处理对鲜切莴苣褐变及贮藏品质的影响

以莴苣为研究材料,以10 g/L L-抗坏血酸、5 g/L柠檬酸、0.2 g/L水杨酸和0.2 g/L阿魏酸处理鲜切莴苣,去离子水浸泡为对照组,通过测定褐变度、总酚、类黄酮、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性,探讨不同抗褐变剂对鲜切莴苣褐变的影响。结果表明,4种抗褐变剂处理均能够有效抑制酶促褐变有关酶活性的升高,减少多酚物质的含量,降低褐变度,有效地保证了鲜切莴苣的贮藏品质,其中0.2 g/L阿魏酸处理的效果最好。     

无核柚新品种‘华柚2号’

‘华柚2号’是将‘国庆1号’温州蜜柑愈伤组织原生质体与‘华柚1号’叶肉原生质体融合创制的二倍体雄性不育胞质杂种。树势中等，花瓣短而退化，雄蕊败育，雌蕊正常。果实扁圆形，隔离种植下完全无核，平均单果质量1 232.47 g，果皮中等厚，可食率57.03%。果肉粉红色，囊壁薄，果肉化渣多汁，风味浓，可溶性固形物12.37% ~ 13.33%，总酸0.90% ~ 1.20%，固酸比10.42 ~ 14.13，维生素C 24.26 mL • L-1。在湖北武汉地区种植，果实11—12月成熟，5年生嫁接树单株产量约50 kg。     

无源蓄冷控温运输箱设计与试验

针对蓄冷运输箱信息化程度低、控温时间短、控温困难等问题,设计了一款集控温、远程监控、定位、故障诊断等功能于一体的蓄冷运输箱。以脐橙为试验对象,结合能耗模型,对蓄冷控温箱控温性能进行了研究。结果表明,箱内各截面温度不均匀系数分别为0.38、0.47、0.78,温度极差最大值为2.8℃,均匀性较好;当蓄冷剂用量为180 kg,预冷脐橙660 kg,在外部环境平均温度26.39℃的条件下,总控温时长为122 h,风机共执行控温21次,且随着蓄冷量减少,风机开启控温所用时间呈指数上升趋势,决定系数不小于0.928 0;结合能耗模型分析得出,该箱体在广州夏季高温环境下可控温5 d以上,能够满足远距离运输要求。     

我国土窖贮藏保鲜产业现状与发展对策

概述了我国土窖的贮藏方式、技术设备等发展现状，剖析了土窖贮藏过程中存在的问题，并初步分析和探讨了今后的发展趋势与对策，为窖藏发展提供决策依据。     

芳香植物纯露处理对鲜切芋头保鲜效果的影响

为了探究芳香植物纯露对鲜切芋头的保鲜效果,本研究观测了迷迭香纯露(RMH)、薄荷纯露(PH)和玫瑰纯露(RH)处理对4℃冷藏鲜切芋头感官品质的影响。其中,RH处理对鲜切芋头褐变的控制效果最好,为了探究其对鲜切芋头褐变的生理机理,探讨了RH处理对苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性和总酚含量的影响。结果表明,RMH、PH和RH处理均能有效延缓鲜切芋头硬度的下降、降低病情指数、抑制褐变,表明纯露对鲜切芋头有较好的保鲜效果;同时,RH处理降低了PAL和PPO活性以及总酚含量,表明纯露通过抑制酚类物质的生物合成和氧化代谢而控制鲜切芋头的褐变。本研究为芳香植物纯露的资源化利用和鲜切果蔬保鲜剂的开发提供了新思路。     

天敌昆虫低温贮藏研究进展

在农业生产中由于化学农药的长期不合理使用,导致"3R"问题持续存在和人类赖以生存的环境日益恶化,生物防治产品及技术在有害生物综合治理中的作用越发重要。天敌昆虫的生长发育及存活期往往很短,探索其储存技术是天敌昆虫规模化生产中的关键性环节。低温贮藏可以延长天敌昆虫的寿命,进而可以为生物防治提供充足、稳定的天敌产品。因此,天敌昆虫低温贮藏一直是生物防治领域研究的热点。本文围绕天敌昆虫低温贮藏这一环节,就低温诱导天敌昆虫滞育虫态、冷驯化对昆虫低温贮藏效果的影响、低温贮藏对天敌昆虫适合度(寿命、羽化率、性比、个体尺寸大小、飞行扩散能力等)的影响等方面进行综述,以期为天敌昆虫产品的规模化生产及应用技术提供参考。     

包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响

以阿克苏干制"温185"薄皮核桃为试材,采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,并以不处理为对照,在常温(20～25℃)条件下贮藏,分别测定过氧化值、酸价、皂化价、碘价、水分含量、脂肪酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)指标的变化,研究包装对薄皮核桃贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:采用包装结合脱氧剂处理核桃,可有效延缓薄皮核桃过氧化值、酸价及皂化价的升高,抑制碘价和水分含量的下降,并提高SOD和CAT的活性,抑制脂肪酶、LOX及POD活性,延缓MDA含量的上升,保持核桃仁的风味,其中充气(氮气N2)添加脱氧剂包装效果优于其他处理组,对干制薄皮核桃的贮藏效果较好。     

不同贮藏温度和保鲜处理对黄秋葵贮藏品质及生理的影响

为探讨采后不同贮藏温度对黄秋葵贮藏品质的影响以及不同保鲜剂对黄秋葵抗氧化酶活性的影响，以台湾“五福”黄秋葵为试材，分别置于低温（（4±1）℃、（9±1）℃、（14±1）℃）和常温（（20±1）℃）条件下贮藏，研究温度对其贮藏品质的影响；采用1.0%壳聚糖、5.0 mmol/L水杨酸、0.5片安喜布、5%O2+8%CO2处理黄秋葵，研究保鲜处理对其抗氧化酶活力的影响。结果表明：（9±1）℃贮藏组的保鲜效果最好，显著改善了贮藏期间黄秋葵的失重率、硬度、叶绿素含量、VC含量、L值、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、MDA含量、细胞膜相对电导率；4种保鲜处理均能显著提高黄秋葵的SOD、POD、CAT活性，并维持其活性在相对较高的水平；同时，显著抑制黄秋葵果实MDA含量的升高。通过研究发现，壳聚糖涂膜液处理组的效果最佳，水杨酸处理组次之并优于1-MCP处理组，气调处理组的效果相对较差。     

Studies on Tomato Seedling Quality Indices Under Simulated Shipping and Storage Conditions

Indices of the tomato seedling quality maintenance level after production before field planting were studied through simulated experiments, small--scale operation, indoor analyses and measurements, and field observation. The results showed that under simulated shipping and storage conditions, seedling quality change following different durations (days) of shipping and storage was correlated significantly or even very significantly with certain physiological and morphological indices. With various measured indices following different periods of shipping and storage treatment subjected to multinomial successive regressive correlation analysis, the principal factors influencing seedling quality maintenance level are identified to be chlorophyll content→dry short weight→ leaf freshness index in order of their importance. Significance analysis with multinomial fitted equation indicated that correlations between any one of above three factors and the growth index after field planting reached very significant difference level.